2011年9月6日 星期二

IPv6

http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/OLD/Linux-IPv6-HOWTO-4.html

 

4.1 IPv6-ready kernel

現在的Linux發行版的核心都具備了運行IPv6的條件. IPv6功能被編譯成一個可載入模組. 在一般情況下模組不會在開機的時候自動載入.

參照更新的資訊: IPv6+Linux-Status-Distribution

檢察現在的系統是否支持IPv6

注意您的/proc-file-system.必需有如下的結構:


/proc/net/if_inet6

一個簡單的測試:


# test -f /proc/net/if_inet6 && echo "Running kernel is IPv6 ready"
 

如果失敗, 表明模組沒有載入.

試著載入模組

執行載入模組的命令:


# modprobe ipv6
  

如果成功, 模組會在列表中顯示,執行如下命令:


# lsmod |grep -w 'ipv6' && echo "IPv6 module successfully loaded"
 

讓模組自動載入

模組是可以自動載入的,只要在核心模組設定文件( /etc/modules.conf /etc/conf.modules)中加入:


alias net-pf-10 ipv6  # automatically load IPv6 module on demand
 

也可以關掉IPv6模組的自動載入:


alias net-pf-10 off   # disable automatically load of IPv6 module on demand

編譯有 IPv6 功能的核心

如果以上兩個結果都證實了核心不具有IPv6功能, 您可以有如下選擇:

  • 升級成外包裝有IPv6支持說明的Linux發行版(推薦新手使用)再看一下這裡: IPv6+Linux-Status-Distribution
  • 編譯一個新的vanilla核心(如果您知道該怎麼選擇,會比較簡單).
  • 重新編譯您現在擁有的發行版核心(不太容易).
  • 將核心同 USAGI 的擴展一起編譯.

如果您決定編譯一個核心,您必需讀過 Linux Kernel HOWTO. 以及這方面的經驗.

注意:您必需使用核心2.4.x系列或更高. 因為IPv62.2.x系列缺少相應的支持. 並且需要ICMPv6 6to4 支持的補丁.(補丁可以在 kernel series 2.2.x IPv6 patches找到).

將核心同 USAGI 的擴展一起編譯.

只推薦熟悉核心編譯和IPv6的用戶使用. 參照: USAGI project / FAQ.

IPv6-ready network devices

不是所有的設備都有能力傳輸IPv6數據包, 這裡有一個現狀表: IPv6+Linux-status-kernel.html#transport.

現階段不會支持IPv6的連結

  • Serial Line IP (SLIP, RFC 1055), should be better called now to SLIPv4, device named: slX
  • Parallel Line IP (PLIP), same like SLIP, device names: plipX
  • ISDN with encapsulation rawip, device names: isdnX

在將來都不會支持IPv6的設備

  • ISDN with encapsulation syncppp, device names: ipppX (design issue of the ipppd, will be merged into more general PPP layer in kernel series 2.5.x)

4.2 IPv6-ready 網路設定工具

別扯太遠了, 如果您有一個正在運行IPv6的核心,怎麼會沒有設定的工具呢? 安裝包裡早就有幾個這樣的工具了.

net-tools package

net-tools package 包含一些工具如: ifconfig ,route. 這些可以令您在界面上設定IPv6. 在命令行(shell) ifocnig -? route -? 查看諸如IPv6 inet6.如果有,則說明具備IPv6設定能力.

輸入以下命令進行檢查:


# /sbin/ifconfig -? 2>& 1|grep -qw 'inet6' && echo "utility 'ifconfig' is
?IPv6-ready"
 

也可以使用route:


# /sbin/route -? 2>& 1|grep -qw 'inet6' && echo "utility 'route' is IPv6-ready"

iproute package

Alexey N. Kuznetsov (Linux 網路代碼現階段的維護者) 寫了一個tool-set可以通過netlink 設備來設定網路.它可以比net-tool提供更多的功能, 但沒有多少文檔並且它不是為膽小的人設計的.


# /sbin/ip 2>&1 |grep -qw 'inet6' && echo "utility 'ip' is IPv6-ready"

如果沒有找到 /sbin/ip 那麼我極力推薦您安裝iproute package.

4.3 IPv6-ready 測試/調式 程式

在為IPv6準備好了系統後,您可以用IPv6進行網路通訊. 首先您必需學習如何用嗅探程式來檢查IPv6數據包. 強烈推薦這樣做,因為在debugging/troubleshooting 中有利於快速診斷.

IPv6 ping

這個程式一般在iputils包裡, 用來測試簡單傳輸發送 ICMPv6 回應請求並等待ICMPv6 回應包.

用法:


# ping6 < hostwithipv6address >
# ping6 < ipv6address >
# ping6 [-I < device >] < link-local-ipv6address > 

例子:


# ping6 -c 1 ::1 
PING ::1(::1) from ::1 : 56 data bytes 
64 bytes from ::1: icmp_seq=0 hops=64 time=292 usec
--- ::1 ping statistics --- 
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss 
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 0.292/0.292/0.292/0.000 ms

提示 ping6必需有適當的root權限才能使用, 如果不是root組用戶,使用時可能產生問題:

1.ping6 不在用戶的路徑當中 (probably, because ping6 is generally stored in /usr/sbin -> add path (not really recommended)

2.ping6 不能被正確執行, 通常沒有適當的權限 chmod u+s /usr/sbin/ping6

ping6指定界面

local-addresses 作為ping6 目標必需指定一個界面. 否則核心將不知道數據包發往哪個設備. 在沒有指定的情況下會有這樣的輸出:


# ping6 fe80::212:34ff:fe12:3456 
connect: Invalid argument

ping6指定界面的結果:


# ping6 -I eth0 -c 1 fe80::2e0:18ff:fe90:9205 
PING fe80::212:23ff:fe12:3456(fe80::212:23ff:fe12:3456) from
?fe80::212:34ff:fe12:3478 eth0: 56 data bytes 
64 bytes from fe80::212:23ff:fe12:3456: icmp_seq=0 hops=64 time=445 usec
--- fe80::2e0:18ff:fe90:9205 ping statistics --- 
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip
?min/avg/max/mdev = 0.445/0.445/0.445/0.000 ms

Ping6 to multicast addresses(多播地址)

一個發現IPv6-active hosts 的比較有趣的機制:


# ping6 -I eth0 ff02::1 PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from fe80:::2ab:cdff:feef:0123 eth0: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from ::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.104 ms
64 bytes from fe80::212:34ff:fe12:3450: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.549 ms (DUP!) 

IPv4不同的是, ping 的回應在廣播地址中是可以屏蔽的,目前只有IPv6防火牆可以做到.

IPv6 traceroute6

這個程式一般在iputils包裡, IPv4traceroute程式相似, 但與當前版本不同的是IPv6不能正確地使用ICMP echo-request. 看下面這個例子:


# traceroute6 www.6bone.net 
traceroute to 6bone.net (3ffe:b00:c18:1::10) from 3ffe:ffff:0000:f101::2, 30
?hops max, 16 byte packets 
 1 localipv6gateway (3ffe:ffff:0000:f101::1) 1.354 ms 1.566 ms 0.407 ms 
 2 swi6T1-T0.ipv6.switch.ch (3ffe:2000:0:400::1) 90.431 ms 91.956 ms 92.377 ms 
 3 3ffe:2000:0:1::132 (3ffe:2000:0:1::132) 118.945 ms 107.982 ms 114.557 ms 
 4 3ffe:c00:8023:2b::2 (3ffe:c00:8023:2b::2) 968.468 ms 993.392 ms 973.441 ms 
 5 3ffe:2e00:e:c::3 (3ffe:2e00:e:c::3) 507.784 ms 505.549 ms 508.928 ms 
 6 www.6bone.net (3ffe:b00:c18:1::10) 1265.85 ms * 1304.74 ms

IPv6 tracepath6

這個程式一般在iputils包裡, 它用來追蹤MTU的路徑.看下面的例子:


# tracepath6 www.6bone.net 
 1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1480 
 1: 3ffe:401::2c0:33ff:fe02:14 150.705ms 
 2: 3ffe:b00:c18::5 267.864ms 
 3: 3ffe:b00:c18::5 asymm 2 266.145ms pmtu 1280 
 3: 3ffe:3900:5::2 asymm 4 346.632ms 
 4: 3ffe:28ff:ffff:4::3 asymm 5 365.965ms 
 5: 3ffe:1cff:0:ee::2 asymm 4 534.704ms 
 6: 3ffe:3800::1:1 asymm 4 578.126ms !N 
Resume: pmtu 1280

IPv6 tcpdump

Linux作業系統中 tcpdump 是主要的數據包捕獲工具.IPv6支持 3.6 的版本.

tcpdump用於降低數據包雜訊的參數:

  • icmp6: 過濾本地ICMPv6通訊.
  • ip6: 過濾本地IPv6通訊.(包括 ICMPv6)
  • proto ipv6: filters tunneled IPv6-in-IPv4 traffic
  • not port ssh: 在遠程SSH會話中禁止SSH數據包的顯示. to suppress displaying SSH packets for running tcpdump in a remote SSH session

使用命令行參數也可以從一個數據包中捕獲/列印資訊.

  • "-s 512": 增加捕獲限定為512 bytes.
  • "-vv": 詳細列印.
  • "-n": 不將地址轉換成名稱,在名稱服務有問題時可以用到.

IPv6 ping to 3ffe:ffff:100:f101::1 native over a local link


 # tcpdump -t -n -i eth0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto ipv6 
tcpdump: listening on eth0 
3ffe:ffff:100:f101:2e0:18ff:fe90:9205 > 3ffe:ffff:100:f101::1: icmp6: echo
?request (len 64, hlim 64) 
3ffe:ffff:100:f101::1 > 3ffe:ffff:100:f101:2e0:18ff:fe90:9205: icmp6: echo
?reply (len 64, hlim 64)

IPv6 ping to 3ffe:ffff:100::1 routed through an IPv6-in-IPv4-tunnel

1.2.3.45.6.7.8是遂道的終點(這些都是例子).


# tcpdump -t -n -i ppp0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto ipv6 
tcpdump: listening on ppp0 
1.2.3.4 > 5.6.7.8: 2002:ffff:f5f8::1 > 3ffe:ffff:100::1: icmp6: echo request
?(len 64, hlim 64) (DF) (ttl 64, id 0, len 124) 
5.6.7.8 > 1.2.3.4: 3ffe:ffff:100::1 > 2002:ffff:f5f8::1: icmp6: echo reply (len
?64, hlim 61) (ttl 23, id 29887, len 124) 
1.2.3.4 > 5.6.7.8: 2002:ffff:f5f8::1 > 3ffe:ffff:100::1: icmp6: echo request
?(len 64, hlim 64) (DF) (ttl 64, id 0, len 124) 
5.6.7.8 > 1.2.3.4: 3ffe:ffff:100::1 > 2002:ffff:f5f8::1: icmp6: echo reply (len
?64, hlim 61) (ttl 23, id 29919, len 124)

4.4 IPv6-ready programs(能和IPv6協同工作的程式)

在當前的發行版中已經包含了能和IPv6協同工作的程式(服務端/客戶端)
參照: IPv6+Linux-Status-Distribution.
或者檢查 http://www.bieringer.de/linux/IPv6/status/IPv6+Linux-status-apps.html
一些可用程式的線索: IPv6 & Linux - HowTo - Part 3 IPv6 & Linux - HowTo - Part 4.

4.5 IPv6-ready 客戶端程式 (selection)

想要進行下面的測試, 您的作業系統必需擁有IPv6能力. 有些例子是真實地連結了6bone的情況下做的.

檢查DNSIPv6地址的解析能力

因為這幾年Domain Name System (DNS)安全的不斷升級, 它們中的大部份都具備了對IPv6 地址類型AAAA的解析能力. (新的類型A6 只有BIND9和更高的版本支持)檢查DNSIPv6地址的解析能力:


# host -t AAAA www.join.uni-muenster.de

將得到下面的結果:


www.join.uni-muenster.de. is an alias for ns.join.uni-muenster.de. 
ns.join.uni-muenster.de. has AAAA address 3ffe:400:10:100:201:2ff:feb5:3806

IPv6-ready telnet clients

IPv6-ready telnet 客戶端. 對它進行一個簡單的測試:


$ telnet 3ffe:400:100::1 80
Trying 3ffe:400:100::1... 
Connected to 3ffe:400:100::1. 
Escape character is '^]'. 
HEAD / HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1 200 OK 
Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 16:07:21 
GMT Server: Apache/2.0.28 (Unix) 
Last-Modified: Wed, 01 Aug 2001 21:34:42 GMT 
ETag: "3f02-a4d-b1b3e080" 
Accept-Ranges: bytes 
Content-Length: 2637 
Connection: close 
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Connection closed by foreign host.

如果telnet只出現"cannot resolve hostname", 說明作業系統的IPv6還未激活.

openssh

openssh已經支持IPv6, 但必需對它用以下的參數進行編譯後才能使用:

  • --without-ipv4-default: the client tries an IPv6 connect first automatically and fall back to IPv4 if not working
  • --with-ipv4-default: default connection is IPv4, IPv6 connection must be force like following example shows:

$ ssh -6 ::1 
user@::1's password: ****** 
[user@ipv6host user]$

如果您的ssh不能對 -6 進行反應, 可能作業系統的IPv6還未激活,ssh的版本太低.

ssh.com

他們的客戶/服務端程式是免費的.

IPv6-ready web 流覽器

目前支持IPv6web 流覽器列表: IPv6+Linux-status-apps.html#HTTP.

這些流覽器大部份都存在問題:

  • 如果 proxy(代理)只支持IPv4, IPv6的請求將會失敗. 方法: 升級proxy
  • Automatic proxy settings (*.pac) 不能對IPv6的不同請求進行適當的處理 (written in Java-script and well hard coded in source like to be seen in Maxilla source code).

一些早期的版本不能對IPv6地址進行正確的操作, : http://[3ffe:400:100::1]/

一個小測試,顯示在沒有代理的情況下的 URL 和 流覽器.

URLs for testing

測試IPv6最方便的方法是訪問: http://www.kame.net/. 如果海龜是活動的, 說明連接是通過IPv6進行的, 它不動的話, 說明連接是通過IPv4進行的.

4.6 IPv6-ready server 程式

包括:sshd, httpd, telnetd,

2011年4月8日 星期五

FRU (Field Replaceable Unit)

FRU (Field Replaceable Unit)

        A Field Replaceable Unit or FRU is a circuit board, part or assembly that can be quickly and easily removed from a personal computer or other piece of electronic equipment, and replaced by the user or a technician without having to send the entire product or system to a repair facility. FRUs allow a technician lacking in-depth product knowledge to fault isolate and replace faulty components.

       

        A typical desktop computer is composed almost entirely of FRUs, including:

        - Power supply units

        - Motherboards

        - socketed microprocessors

        - primary storage modules

                - RAM

        - secondary storage devices

                - hard drives

                - optical drives

                - floppy drives

        - Bus devices

                - video cards

                - sound cards

        - Cooling fans

        - Peripherals

                - keyboards

                - mice

                - printers

                -connecting cabless

 

2011年3月28日 星期一

New Features Included with IntelR AMT 7.0 SDK:

Host-Based Setup and Configuration
• This key Intel® AMT 7.0 platform feature is fully documented and includes samples, use cases and snippets (see below) that demonstrate the feature.
• The SDK also supports the related User Consent feature with samples, a GUI-based tool, and extensive documentation.

Snippets Added to Intel AMT Feature Use Cases
• Nearly 300 snippets – short samples of code that demonstrate a step or sequence of steps in a use case – were added to the SDK documentation.
• The snippets are written using PowerShell 2.0. They depend on a framework called the IntelvProModule located at <SDK_root>\Windows\Common\WS-Management\Scripting Framework.
• You can exercise a snippet opposite a configured Intel AMT platform by copying the snippet into a supplied template.
• The snippets support backward compatibility and demonstrate, where necessary, the difference between Intel AMT versions, back to Release 3.2. They were validated against Releases 3.2, 4, 5, 5.1, 6, 6.1 and 7.0.

Change From Traversal to Selectors Using a Key
• The Use Case flows now, in most cases, locate the instance of a class using one or more key properties, rather than starting with an instance of CIM_ComputerSystem and traversing associations to locate the pertinent object. The snippets use this approach in their implementation.

KVM
• Update to the RealVNC Library 
1. A new version of the RealVNC library was added to the SDK. This solves some open issues and makes several protocol features available for Intel AMT applications.
2. The SDK documentation includes a spreadsheet showing the features in the RealVNC library that Intel AMT supports.
• The samples and library support screen rotation.
• The Digest authentication mechanism was upgraded.
• The KVM library error reporting was improved.

Redirection Library
• The Windows Redirection library now supports DVDs. The DVD feature is compatible with Intel AMT Releases 7.0 and later releases. The library is compatible with all versions of Intel AMT.
• The library supports the link preference feature, including an option for legacy behavior, used with earlier releases that do not support link preference.
• The Digest authentication mechanism was upgraded.

Intel(R) vPro(TM) Gateway, also known as the Management Presence Server (MPS)
• The SDK contains a new version of the MPS and, for the first time, includes the MPS source code.
• Documentation of the Intel(R) vPro(TM) Gateway reflects the latest MPS API.
• A new sample, the MPSInterFaceClient, demonstrates the API.

Other Documentation Changes
• The Setup and Configuration documentation was reorganized. 
• Documentation for Local Call for Help (also known as Client Initiated Local Access, or CILA) was added to the Remote Access Configuration section.
• The documentation describes the Digest Master Password concept, with snippets. It demonstrates how to implement a master password that is used to create a unique admin password for each Intel AMT platform.
• The documentation provides a flow that shows how to use the Release 7.0 certificate enrollment feature, used to create a server certificate request for Intel AMT that does not expose the private key. 
• The documentation contains a list of deprecated and deleted features across all versions.

Deprecated EOI (SOAP) Samples Moved
• The SOAP samples, documentation, Storage library, Crypt32Api and most associated files were moved to a ZIP archive in the SDK root directory.
• The SDK general documentation was modified to reflect this change. Most references to SOAP commands were removed.
• Certain samples that use SOAP (the sample setup and configuration application, the MPS notification sample, the redirection GUI sample and the AMTRedirection sample) remain in their respective directories.
• The WSDLs and other common files remain in place in support of these samples.

Other Updates
• The SDK includes an Event ID-to-string library that supports notifications from the event log. Go to <SDK_Root>\DOCS\Scripts\Alert Messages to see the XML file and a sample script.
• The Access Monitor sample now supports the new bulk load of audit log event definitions.
• The SDK recognizes that Intel AMT Release 7.0 can support a wireless interface on a desktop platform.
• The USBFile sample supports host-based setup and also a "scramble" mode.
• The Setup and Configuration Application, the MPS Notification sample, and the Audit Log sample have been updated to use OpenSSL version 1.0.0.

攝影與相機詞匯中英文對照

http://diary.wenxuecity.com/diary.php?c_lang=big5&currdate=200811&pid=49636&page=1

 

Aberration 像差

Accessory
附件

Accessory Shoes
附件插座、熱靴

Achromatic
消色差的

Active
主動的、有源的

Acutance
銳度

Acute-matte
磨砂毛玻璃

Adapter
適配器

AD Converter
模數轉換器

Advance system
輸片系統

AE Lock(AEL)
自動曝光鎖定

AF(Autofocus)
自動聚焦

AF Assist Lamp
自動對焦輔助燈

AF Illuminator AF
照明器

AF Servo
自動對焦伺服系統

AF spotbeam projector AF
照明器

Alkaline
堿性

Ambient light
環境光

Amplification factor
放大倍率

Angle finder
彎角取景器

Angle of view
視角

Anti-Red-eye
防紅眼

Aperture
光圈

Aperture priority
光圈優先

APO(APOchromat)
復消色差

APZ(Advanced Program zoom)
高級程序變焦

Arc
弧形

ASA(American Standards Association)
美國標準協會

Astigmatism
像散

Auto bracket
自動包圍

Auto composition
自動構圖

Auto exposure
自動曝光

Auto exposure bracketing
自動包圍曝光

Auto film advance
自動進片

Auto flash
自動閃光

Auto loading
自動裝片

Auto multi-program
自動多程序

Auto rewind
自動退片

Auto wind
自動卷片

Auto zoom
自動變焦

Automatic exposure(AE)
自動曝光

Automation
自動化

Auxiliary
輔助的

Back
機背

Back light
逆光、背光

Back light compensation
逆光補償

Background
背景

Balance contrast
反差平衡

Bar code system
條形碼系統

Barrel distortion
桶形畸變

BAse-Stored Image Sensor (BASIS)
基存儲影像傳感器

Batteries
電池

Battery check
電池檢測

Battery holder
電池手柄

Bayonet
卡口

Bellows
皮腔

Blue filter
藍色濾光鏡

Body-integral
機身一體化

Bridge camera
橋梁相機

Brightness control
亮度控制

Buffer
緩沖器

Built in
內置

Bulb B


Button
按鈕

Cable release
快門線

Camera
照相機

Camera shake
相機抖動

Cap
蓋子

Card


Cartridges
暗盒

Case
機套

CCD(Charge Coupled Device)
電荷耦合器件

CdS cell
硫化鎘元件

Center spot
中空濾光鏡

Center weighted averaging
中央重點加權平均

Chromatic Aberration
色差

Circle of confusion
彌散圓

Close-up
近攝

Coated
鍍膜

Colour Filter Array
色彩過濾矩陣

Colour Space
色域

Compact camera
袖珍相機

Composition
構圖

Compound lens
復合透鏡

Computer
計算機

Contact
觸點

Continuous advance
連續進片

Continuous autofocus
連續自動聚焦

Contrast
反差、對比

Convetor
轉換器

Coreless
無線圈

Correction
校正

Coupler
耦合器

Coverage
覆蓋範圍

CPU(Central Processing Unit)
中央處理器

Creative expansion card
藝術創作軟件卡

Cross
交叉

Curtain
簾幕

Customized function
用戶自選功能


Data back
數據機背

Data panel
數據面板

Dedicated flash
專用閃光燈

Definition
清晰度

Delay
延遲、延時

Depth of field
景深

Depth of field preview
景深預測

Detection
檢測

Diaphragm
光闌

Diffuse
柔光

Diffusers
柔光鏡

Digital Zoom
數碼變焦

DIN (Deutsche Industrische Normen)
德國工業標準

Diopter
屈光度

Dispersion
色散

Display
顯示

Distortion
畸變

Double exposure
雙重曝光

Double ring zoom
雙環式變焦鏡頭

Dreams filter
夢幻濾光鏡

Drive mode
驅動方式

Duration of flash
閃光持續時間

DX-code DX
編碼

Dynamic Range
動態範圍



ED(Extra low Dispersion)
超低色散

Electro selective pattern(ESP)
電子選擇模式

EOS(Electronic Optical System)
電子光學系統

Ergonomic
人體工程學

EV(Exposure Value)
曝光值

Evaluative metering
綜合評價測光

Exif
可交換圖像檔案

Expert
專家、專業

Exposure
曝光

Exposure adjustment
曝光調整

Exposure compensation
曝光補償

Exposure memory
曝光記憶

Exposure mode
曝光方式

Exposure value(EV)
曝光值

Extension tube
近攝接圈

Extension ring
近攝接圈

External metering
外測光

Extra wide angle lens
超廣角鏡頭

Eye-level fixed
眼平固定

Eye-start
眼啟動

Eyepiece
目鏡

Eyesight correction lenses
視力校正鏡

Field curvature
像場彎曲

Fill in
填充()

Film
膠卷()

Film speed
膠卷感光度

Film transport
輸片、過片

Filter
濾光鏡

Finder
取景器

First curtain
前簾、第一簾幕

Fish eye lens
魚眼鏡頭

Flare
耀斑、眩光

Flash
閃光燈、閃光

Flash range
閃光範圍

Flash ready
閃光燈充電完畢

Flexible program
柔性程序

Focal length
焦距

Focal Length Multiplier
焦距增效器

Focal plane
焦點平面

Focus
焦點

Focus area
聚焦區域

Focus hold
焦點鎖定

Focus lock
焦點鎖定

Focus prediction
焦點預測

Focus priority
焦點優先

Focus screen
聚焦屏

Focus tracking
焦點跟蹤

Focusing
聚焦、對焦、調焦

Focusing stages
聚焦級數

Fog filter
霧化濾光鏡

Foreground
前景

Frame
張數、幀

Freeze
凍結、凝固

Fresnel lens
菲涅爾透鏡、環狀透鏡

Frontground
前景

Full Manual
全手動

Fuzzy logic
模糊邏輯

Gamma
伽馬值

Glare
眩光

GN(Guide Number)
閃光指數

GPD(Gallium Photo Diode)
稼光電二極管

Graduated
漸變

Half frame
半幅

Halfway
半程

Hand grip
手柄

High eye point
遠視點、高眼點

High key
高調

Highlight
高光、高亮

Highlight control
高光控制

High speed
高速

Histogram
直方圖

Honeycomb metering
蜂巢式測光

Horizontal
水平

Hot shoe
熱靴、附件插座

Hybrid camera
混合相機

Hyper manual
超手動

Hyper program
超程序

Hyperfocal
超焦距 


IC(Integrated Circuit)
集成電路

Illumination angle
照明角度

Illuminator
照明器

Image control
影像控制

Image size lock
影像放大倍率鎖定

Image Stabilisation
圖像防抖

Infinity
無限遠、無窮遠

Infra-red(IR)
紅外線

Instant return
瞬回式

Integrated
集成

Intelligence
智能化

Intelligent power zoom
智能化電動變焦

Interactive function
交互式功能

Interchangeable
可更換

Internal focusing
內調焦

Interval shooting
間隔拍攝

ISO(International Standard Association)
國際標準化組織

Jaggies
鋸齒狀圖形

JIS(Japanese Industrial Standards)
日本工業標準

Landscape
風景

Latitude
寬容度

Lag Time
延遲時間

LCD data panel LCD
數據面板

LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)
液晶顯示

LED(Light Emitting Diode)
發光二極管

Lens
鏡頭、透鏡

Lens cap
鏡頭蓋

Lens hood
鏡頭遮光罩

Lens release
鏡頭釋放鈕

Lithium battery
鋰電池

Lock
閉鎖、鎖定

Low key
低調

Low light
低亮度、低光

LSI(Large Scale Integrated)
大規模集成

Macro
微距、巨像

Magnification
放大倍率

Main switch
主開關

Manual
手動

Manual exposure
手動曝光

Manual focusing
手動聚焦

Matrix metering
矩陣式測光

Maximum
最大

Metered manual
測光手動

Metering
測光

Micro prism
微稜

Minimum
最小

Mirage
倒影鏡

Mirror
反光鏡

Mirror box
反光鏡箱

Mirror lens
折反射鏡頭

Module
模塊

Monitor
監視、監視器

Monopod
獨腳架

Motor
電動機、馬達

Mount
卡口

MTF (Modulation Transfer Function)
調制傳遞函數

Multi beam
多束

Multi control
多重控制

Multi-dimensional
多維

Multi-exposure
多重曝光

Multi-image
多重影

Multi-mode
多模式

Multi-pattern
多區、多分區、多模式

Multi-program
多程序

Multi sensor
多傳感器、多感光元件

Multi spot metering
多點測光

Multi task
多任務



Negative
負片

Neutral
中性

Neutral density filter
中灰密度濾光鏡

Ni-Cd battery
鎳鉻(可充電)電池

Off camera
離機

Off center
偏離中心

OTF(Off The Film)
偏離膠卷平面

One ring zoom
單環式變焦鏡頭

One touch
單環式

Orange filter
橙色濾光鏡

Over exposure
曝光過度

Panning
搖拍

Panorama
全景

Parallel
平行

Parallax
平行視差

Partial metering
局部測光

Passive
被動的、無源的

Pastels filter
水粉濾光鏡

PC(Perspective Control)
透視控制

Pentaprism
五稜鏡

Perspective
透視的

Phase detection
相位檢測

Photography
攝影

Pincushion distortion
枕形畸變

Pixels
象素

Plane of focus
焦點平面

Point of view
視點

Polarizing
偏振、偏光

Polarizer
偏振鏡

Portrait
人像、肖像

Power
電源、功率、電動

Power focus
電動聚焦

Power zoom
電動變焦

Predictive
預測

Predictive focus control
預測焦點控制

Preflash
預閃

Professional
專業的

Program
程序

Program back
程序機背

Program flash
程序閃光

Program reset
程序復位

Program shift
程序偏移

Programmed Image Control (PIC)
程序化影像控制

Quartz data back
石英數據機背

Rainbows filter
彩虹濾光鏡

Range finder
測距取景器

RAW Image Format RAW
圖像文件格式

Release priority
釋放優先

Rear curtain
後簾

Reciprocity failure
倒易律失效

Reciprocity Law
倒易律

Recompose
重新構圖

Red eye
紅眼

Red eye reduction
紅眼減少

Reflector
反射器、反光板

Reflex
反光

Remote control terminal
快門線插孔

Remote cord
遙控線、快門線

Resolution
分辨率

Reversal films
反轉膠片

Rewind
退卷

Ring flash
環形閃光燈

ROM(Read Only Memory)
只讀存儲器

Rotating zoom
旋轉式變焦鏡頭

RTF(Retractable TTL Flash)
可收縮TTL閃光燈

Second curtain
後簾、第二簾幕

Secondary Imaged Registration(SIR)
輔助影像重合

Segment
段、區

Selection
選擇

Self-timer
自拍機

Sensitivity
靈敏度

Sensitivity range
靈敏度範圍

Sensor
傳感器

Sensor Sizes
傳感器尺寸

Separator lens
分離鏡片

Sepia filter
褐色濾光鏡

Sequence zoom shooting
順序變焦拍攝

Sequential shoot
順序拍攝

Servo autofocus
伺服自動聚焦

Setting
設置

Shadow
陰影、暗位

Shadow control
陰影控制

Sharpness
清晰度

Sharpening
銳化

Shift
偏移、移動

Shutter
快門

Shutter curtain
快門簾幕

Shutter priority
快門優先

Shutter release
快門釋放

Shutter speed
快門速度

Shutter speed priority
快門速度優先

Silhouette
剪影

Single frame advance
單張進片

Single shot autofocus
單次自動聚焦

Skylight filter
天光濾光鏡

Slide film
幻燈膠片

Slow speed synchronization
慢速同步

SLD(Super Lower Dispersion)
超低色散

SLR(Single Lens Reflex)
單鏡頭反光照相機

SMC(Super Multi Coated)
超級多層鍍膜

Soft focus
柔焦、柔光

SP(Super Performance)
超級性能

SPC(Silicon Photo Cell)
 光電池

SPD(Silicon Photo Dioxide)
 光電二極管

Speedlight
閃光燈、閃光管

Split image
裂像

Sport
體育、運動

Spot metering
點測光

Standard
標準

Standard lens
標準鏡頭

Starburst
星光鏡

Stop


Synchronization
同步

Tele converter
增距鏡、望遠變換器

Telephoto lens
長焦距鏡頭

Time Lapse
時滯

Trailing-shutter curtain
後簾同步

Trap focus
陷阱聚焦

Tripod
三腳架

TS(Tilt and Shift)
傾斜及偏移

TTL flash TTL
閃光

TTL flash metering TTL
閃光測光

TTL(Through The Lens)
通過鏡頭、鏡後

Two touch
雙環

UD(Ultra-low Dispersion)
超低色散

Ultra wide
超闊、超廣

Ultrasonic
超聲波

UV(Ultra-Violet)
紫外線

Under exposure
曝光不足

Vari-colour
變色

Var-program
變程序

Variable speed
變速

Vertical
垂直

Vertical traverse
縱走式

View finder
取景器

Warm tone
暖色調

White Balance
白平衡

Wide angle lens
廣角鏡頭

Wide view
廣角預視、寬區預視

Wildlife
野生動物

Wireless remote
無線遙控

World time
世界時間

X-sync X-
同步

Zoom
變焦

Zoom lens
變焦鏡頭

Zoom clip
變焦剪裁

Zoom effect
變焦效果